Cultural Heritage Tourism In India Tourism Essay

ethnic Heritage Tourism In India Tourism EssayHeritage is property of the world. It has important evidences of yesteryear incidents and changes and it is the necessity to conserve without political amour and racial discrimination (UNESCO, 2004). So far Graham et al. (2000, p40) suggested Heritage is trem eat upously concerned in the construction and legitimating of collective constructs of ludicrousness, such as group, gender, religion, civilization and nationalism.When we utter about the relation of inheritance into touristry assiduity, at first, holy cities such as Rome are ac discernledged as a highly multifunctional and point multi he ceriseitary pattern home base, as a result, the hereditary pattern attracters positively become the feature of Italy for touring car. To manifest the implication of inheritance is consequently the key point of managing a inheritance sites.As ethnical hereditary pattern tourism is closely dependant on the history, the events of th e past has abundant evidence that how the past travels had been changing the entire pages of all(prenominal) one C and affected our past life. Much of it is too passed on form age to age occasionally in the form in which it actually happened but to a greater extent often as myth or fable. In whichever form it is of prime importance to a tourism professional, situationly in the circumstances such as the one obtaining in India with wealthy heathenish inheritance having continuity from the ancient (IGNOU, 2002). The process of finding willing continue into the future because nobody rear visit the number of real stories that give way been buried in the earth and still not found. But somehow scholars yield been able to find the real incidents of past with the help of evidences of literature which are still present all over the world as rise up(p) as the role of scientists and researchers. Archaeology department of each country is encouraging the researchers to find out about our past. These particular rationalnesss overhear encouraged in selection of the dissertation topic, so at first this will focus on past history and development of Ajanta and Ellora subverts and then it will look at the past record of tourist information and the with the help of visible(prenominal) secondary data from Books, Journal articles, news papers past surveys and the information available on the internet, respective governments intergovernmental organization and non government agencies such as UNESCO, ICOMOS, IUCN, GHF, etceteraIntroductionCultural hereditary pattern conservation is evermore a centre of discussion in the form of exploitation economy of various nations. Cultural heritage tourism product is becoming a prime source for developed and developing countries though it is a subsidized product of tourism. The reason of subsidizing may be underpinning of heritage tourism is attractive forces. Huge number of fashion models currently in practice throughout the world of ingrained and ethnical heritage sites that are of transnationally O.K. and many more thousands of local notoriety. All of these play an important role in the leave of tourism although they may draw dissimilar market part e.g. international tourist and local recreational users.The present expansion of the Asias tourism market has many challenges, one of the primary winding(prenominal) difficulties lie in understanding how heathen and religious heritage of Asians could be linked to the overall development of tourism. Asian countries which con brassr their religious, artistic, and general resources of heritage have unique features that has been attracting tourist around the world. The challenges of ethnical and heritage base tourism created would require distinguishable choices about strategy, policies that are simultaneously both learning and teaching opportunities (United Nation, 2004).Countries like India where every tourist gets glimpses of diverse culture in h is/her entire journey. India is primarily a cultural destination in international tourism. These are the features of India marketed as tourism product in international as well as domestic circuit. Domestic tourism competition already has begun in India from past decades as every state government has been developing their strategies with the help of international organization to improve the tourism. In result, due to sudden changes the competition terminate be seen among service providers as from hawkers to large scale stakeholders. In scenario market everyones mind has been diverting towards the heritage sites in India, thus it is creating trafficking of tourists as well as service providers. So it is affecting the quality of operate and facilities. This shows a different picture of hospitality and tourism industry in India.Tourism industries are solely dependent on the visitors/ tourists who are the main drivers of this industry. Different demands and essential of case-by-cases is affecting on tourism industry. be arrays the issues and understanding of heritage tourism by different group of people as it may be visitors/tourists or local communities are different.To overcome from various aspects and issues which are related to heritage tourism require a better precaution system. Many cultural and indwelling heritage sites around the world are putting more focuses on issues regarding to visitors, maintenance and management of heritage site, analysis of monuments, flora and fauna, environment and lastly the sustainability.The tourist typology is boosting overall development of touristic market. The most important part of tourism is a cultural as well as innate heritage property. So it always remains prime attraction to most of the people to come and enjoy their holidays. This dissertation will focus on every aspect of cultural heritage tourism industry such as supply, demand, conservation and heritage visitors management, interpretation, authenticity and politics of cultural heritage site.The primary data can be retrieved with the help of some questionnaires to understand the real nature and find out what can be done more to achieve the overall development at Ajanta and Ellora Caves at Aurangabad.To understand the universe cultural heritage site here the UNESCO has mentioned that it as a monuments, architectural full treatment, works of monumental sculpture and painting, elements or structures of an archaeological nature, inscriptions, cave dwellings and combinations of features, which are of large(p) universal value from the point of view of history, art or science groups of buildings groups of separate or connected buildings which, because of their architecture, their homogeneity or their place in the landscape, are of exceptional universal importance from the point of view of history, art or science sites works of man or the combined works of nature and man, and areas including archaeological sites which has excellent univers al value from the diachronicalal, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological point of view (UNESCO, 2011).Here, In the Krakow Charter (2000), a monument is delineate as a clearly determined entity, the bearer of values, which represent a support to memory. In it, memory recognises the aspects that are relevant to human performance and feelings, associated with the historic time-line (Vecco, M 2010).Apart from this many scholars considers that World Heritage Sites should not only be exemplary situations for the pursuit of research but also be closely identified with the creation and maintenance of different kinds of knowledge (Darvill, T., 2007). Tourists are always willing to learn new things as well as eager to put back knowledge amid each other. It is the fact to become aware about surroundings and changing of trends and practices in the world.Literature ReviewIntroductionThis chapter will check out the perception of cultural heritage tourism and visitor management as well as development of tourism at site by reviewing some(prenominal) concerned literatures. The review will start with the overview of cultural heritage tourism including the concept of Culture, heritage, cultural heritage tourism and cave architecture from different World Heritage Sites to understand the their current scenario of cultural heritage tourism management. The review will be followed by the discussion on visitor wallops, their experience and management. Also it will focus on the intermediaries of cultural heritage tourism.CultureKalman, (2010) has given a simple definition of culture that, it is the way we live, it is the clothes which we wear, the food which we eat, the voice communication which we speak, the stories which we tell and the ways we celebrate or express to each other also it is a way we show our imagination by tradition which we have learnt from our ancestors. It includes arts, music, and literature. According to Pedersen, (2002) the culture has originated f rom group psychology behaviour, and the effect of surrounding environment, here is the example since beginning all human being love to live in group it include people as well as animal, the effect of surroundings, interacting with other culture and regular exposure to outdoors groups incorporated new practices in to their way they live. Thus people have been moving away from their daily routine work and travel at various places to gain experience or exchange culture with each other. But currently it can see that influence of external culture is damaging the traditional way of life. For example in the social cultural context women working outside the traditional family system can weaken interest in cultural traditions such as storytelling (Pedersen, 2002). still from tourism point of view Singh (2004 in Imbal, 2010) explained that culture is creative artistic activities, goods and services produced by it, and the preservation of human heritage. According to this definition Imbal (20 10) put a lime light as this it has brought attention not only indigenous or original culture of destinations to create value but also the impact on the economy and productive activities originate from or contributing to particular culture sector results in further value creating activities (Imbal, 2010).Cultural tourismCultural Tourism is the subset of tourism that is defined as travels concentrating toward experience the traditional and contemporary culture, arts, and special character of a place. This includes the performing, visual and literary arts, language, museums, heritage, crafts, architecture, design, film and broadcasting. The primary gain ground of cultural tourism is economic impact. There are plenty of statistics that talk about the fact that travellers who participate in cultural activities spend more capital and stay longer than leisure travellers. A good strategic planning of cultural heritage tourism shapes and defines a communitys image, in domestic as well as international tourism.According to McKercher and Du Cros, (2002) cultural tourism and cultural heritage management work as equivalent activities in most places with really diminished conversation surrounded by the two, also it shows common interest mingled with the cultural and cultural heritage is such as the management, conservation, and preservation of the cultural and heritage properties. So the results of this many lost opportunities to provide value to visitor experiences even though managing rare and weak resources in a social context, environmentally and ethically trustworthy and in sustainable manner. They verbalise that occasionally this loss results in some unprincipled tourism operator who exploring the local culture and heritage assets for their own face-to-face gains (McKercher and Du Cros, 2002).Hall and Zeppel (1990a87 in herds grass and Boyd, 2003) stated that relation between cultural and heritage tourism isCultural heritage is experiential tourism found on being snarled in and stimulated by the performing arts and festivals. Heritage tourism, whether in the form of visiting preferred landscapes, historic sites, buildings or monuments is also experiential tourism in the sense of seeking an encounter with nature or feeling part of the history of a place.Most researchers weigh that heritage is linked to the past which symbolizes some sort of gift to be passed down to current as well as future generations, both in terms of cultural traditions and physical objects (Hardy, 1988 cited in Timothy and Boyd 2003). But in contrast many authors have pointed out that what elements of past a society conduct to maintain (Fladmark 1998 Graham et al., 2000 Hall and McArthur 1998 in Timothy and Boyd 2003). As at that place are many incidents all cannot link to the cultural aspects. This makes selective sort of heritage it assumes some aspect of value, that which is of individualised value is labelled as personal or family heritage, whereas those values dictated by nations or communities become our heritage (Hall and McArthur 1998 cited in Timothy and Boyd 2003). Hall and Zappel (1990) observed differently that the connections between cultural and heritage tourism, stating that Cultural tourism is experiential tourism based on being involved in and stimulated by the performing arts, visual arts and festivals. Heritage tourism whether in the form of visiting preferred landscapes, historic sites, building or monuments, is also experiential tourism in the sense of seeking an encounter with nature or feeling part of the history of a place.However the most internationally accepted definition of heritage was defined by UNESCO that Heritage is our legacy from the past, what we live with today, and what we pass on to the future generations (UNESCO 2008a, p.5).Timothy and Boyd (2003) define that heritage tourism as an immersion in the natural history human heritage, arts, philosophy and institutions of another region or country. Acco rding to them heritage can be divided into tangible immovable resources (e.g. national park, sanctuaries, monuments, buildings), tangible movable resources (e.g. objects in museums) and intangible resources including values, customs, ceremonies, lifestyles and experiences such as cultural events. The concept of intangible heritage consort to (Schmitt, 2008) safeguarding intangible heritage resource has derived from Government of Bolivia to protect the intellectual property rights of popular culture 1973 then in 1989, UNESCO put limelight on the safeguarding rights on traditional culture and Folklore. However this project started to collect CD about the culture and 90 objects were proclaimed as such masterpieces in three proclamations between 2001 and 2005. For example of the new UNESCO category of intangible heritage is the Kutiyattam Sanskrit Theatre in the southern Indian province of Kerala (Schmitt, 2008).Cultural heritage tourism a different market segmentTo recognize in minuti ae cultural heritage tourism market segment which is associated with visits to historical sites, monuments, and artistic scientific or heritage attraction? WTO has mentioned two definition of cultural heritage tourism in narrow sense it include movement of person for essentially cultural motivations such as study tours, performing art, and pilgrimages. In broader manner it is defined as all movements of persons, because of satisfy the human need for diversity, tending to raise the cultural level of the individual and giving rise to new knowledge experience and encounters. Since cultural is prejudiced definition of cultural tends to the extensive as well as narrow, depending on the pragmatic uses in the field (Pedersen, 2002).The importance of HeritageThe importance of heritage is highly depending on their value and attitude as type of heritage resources which significant to different communities, groups and individuals. Hall and McArthur (1993) have explained the importance of heri tage tourism divided in to four as social, economical, scientifically and political (Hall and McArthur 1993a).In social significance, heritage refers to personal and collective identity people and society have which can lead to create a sense of belonging. The sense of belonging and social conscience is a driver to consider preservation in the first place.Social science such as anthropology and cultural studies involve artefact of heritage or cultural heritage as presenting folkloric traditions or dance. Apart from this historical monuments and natural heritage are creating more opportunities to the scientist and researchers to find out the method and types of material they employ in making of sites. The archaeological department of each country try to preserve the wall paintings and sculpture at various world heritage sites (Hall and McArthur 1993a) according to them sites can provide the history lesson for not only students and visitor who related or have interest in the history but also local communities to know the importance of sites sometime lack of initiatives and interest shown by local people which affect on conservation of heritage properties.Under the social context Baig, A., (2011 in Times of India, 2011) points out that the importance of health and education only in local communities can helps to achieve possible sustainability of cultural heritage tourism. She has given example how the impact of massive tourism affects as Taj Mahal, Indias most iconic site, which is situated in Agra, but it is one of the most dismal destinations in the world. One side of the industry is ensure that the Taj Mahal is protected but another side shows the current status of city economy is in decline, and its people have paid an outcaste high price. Further Baig and Morgan, 2011 in Times of India, 2011, emphasis on the empowerment of local communities can help to achieve inclusive development of heritage sites throughout the world (Times of India, 2011).In terms of economic importance, heritage is preserved because of its value for tourism and recreation. As being a large scale business, heritage tourism can generate incomes for the sites either from visitor spending or sponsorship from various stakeholders (Hall and McArthur 1993a). According to an article which was released in Times of India (2011) Sethi (2011) has mentioned that Heritage can become a serious economic driver for developing countries, if the country is able to get its act together. The global heritage fund organizations 2010 report says that developing countries like India can tap a $ 100 billion a year opportunity by 2025, if they make sincere attempt to preserve and responsibly develop their heritage sites.Further scientifically and educational importance of heritage attractions where both natural and cultural heritage sites such as national parks may have rare habitat and endangered species which will be useful for scientific researches. As research may consists of ecosyst em dynamics, comparative ecology, surveys of fauna and flora, and the association of base bionomical data, environment change and human impacts on the ecosystem of cultural and natural world heritage sites (Hall and McArthur 1993).In terms of political importance, Hall and McArthur (1993a, p. 9) state that the meaning and symbolization of heritage may serve political ends. As the conservation and understanding of certain heritage attractions may serve to emphasize on a particular version of history or to promote existing political values. Furthermore, the ownership of heritage and the institutional arrangement also have political implication as the rights and wishes of private owners may place conflict with government or public interests (Hall and McArthur 1993a Timothy and Boyd 2003).Then, there is the question about political will. Jain, 2011 in Times of India, 2011 stated that culture is often considered a soft subject and that shows in the bundling of the portfolio with other ministries like youth or sports affairs. The governments schemes are often well-intentioned, but there is rarely any follow-through. For instance, under the public-private partnership adopt-a monument project a good idea for corporate to do their bit for conservation, but it fell through, because of red tape (Times of India, 2011).To understand the nature of the scheme Archaeological department of Scotland Adopt-a-Monument project based on providing volunteer groups with all the practical guidance and training they necessity to play a leading role in caring for their local archaeology. For example Scotland adopt-a monument scheme putting more focus on parcel volunteers which includes children and young people to improve sites which they are really passionate about it. This practice will equip the volunteers with new skill in archaeological fieldwork and conservation and can get chance to access educational literature resources about the heritage. Which help to create awareness amo ng local area and it effect to promote of heritage site, this way the respective government try to keep them active which helps to enjoy teamwork with practical result (Archaeology Scotland, 2011).Current tourist demandAccording to (Pavlic, 2009) up whole tone in the standard of living is become a main cause of rises in fluctuation of tourists spending, for example the income generating from the modern tourism commodities. Modern tourists behaviour is the main cipher in current tourism industry. As currently many of travel operations that could be from demand side or supply side are in boom because ease of accessing Information through internet and infrastructure developments. So the importance of information technology in the current industry is the main factor while considering the supply and demand of tourism industry it can be assumed that the personal needs of the modern tourism have more influence compare to old masses of tourism. The current tourism mostly depended on econo mic mass and production to consume mass, standardized and stiffly packaged holidays. The current tourists from a modern age are following the pace and direction of industry changes (Poon, 1993 in Pavlic, 2009).To find out the main factors and consequences of cultural heritage tourism demand changes. So firstly, need to identify types of tourist come under this category around the world.Religious heritage and pilgrimage inspirational travel is commonly regarded as the oldest form of non economic travel (Jackowski and Smith, 1992 in Timothy and Boyd, 2003).The common travel trend has been travel from western to eastern Mediterranean region was religiously motivated before and during the Roman Empire era. This trend currently exists and in future as well within the devotees of worlds major religions (Timothy and Boyd, 2003).Further, Timothy and Boyd, 2003 explained that the historic sites associated with the development of a religion, and various points along spiritual routes and the pathways.Further, Shackley (2001 in Timothy and Boyd, 2003) made two basic groups according to their purpose of visits. As whose primary purpose is to gain religious experience and another one is who come to visit in large number and their prime motto is to visit an elements of the worlds religious cultural heritage so called secular tourist. This shows variation between the tourists motivation who visits heritage sites. Many tourist visit heritage sites with curiosity about historic sites not of their own faiths, for example non -tourists visiting Buddhist religious cultural heritage sites around the Asia may fit in to the secondary group of heritage tourist.To understand the concept behind this motivation of these cultural tourist many scholars fails to find out the differences between pilgrims and tourists but Smith (1992) proposed typology of the relationships and differences between the tourist and pilgrims.The Pilgrim- tourist continuumSource Smith (1992 in Timothy and Boyd)Fr om the figure______ she Smith explained that on one end of a spectrum are devout pilgrim, while at the other end are secular tourist, with some variations between the two located somewhere in the middle (Timothy and Boyd, 2003). From the heritage tourism viewpoint, pilgrimage is a type of tourism under the huge headline of religious tourism.Source McKercher, B and Du Cros, H (2002)According to above figure _____ it is clear that there are mainly quintuple kinds of tourists who come under the cultural and heritage tourism these arePurposeful cultural tourist who has purpose to visit to cultural tourist site and these are eager to learn about a destinations culture and heritage as well as who has high sense of history, education, religious and the culture from around the world.rubber-necking cultural tourist cultural tourism is a key motive for visiting a specific destination however the experience is less deep.serendipitous cultural tourist the tourist who does not travel for specif ic cultural motives, but ultimately does have a deep cultural tourism experience. day-by-day cultural tourist cultural tourism is a weak travel motivation and the resulting cultural experience is shallow.Incidental cultural tourist who however visits cultural attraction with very little experience or by an incident and these cultural tourist who also not motivated to travel for cultural reason but due to unexpected visit to the cultural heritage site they get the deep experience about the cultural and heritage sites (McKercher et al., 2002).Further from supply point of view the requirement of different services and facilities provide by the stakeholders necessitate a different marketing approach to motivate cultural and heritage tourist. In general, supply means the tourism resources services of a region. Supply, has categorized as primary, secondary and tertiary elements (Jobson-Verbeke and Lievois, 1999 in Timothy and Boyd 2003). The primary elements involve the attractions such a s cultural, sport and amusements facilities and their leisure setting ensuring physical characteristics and sociocultural features. After this secondary elements focuses on the service aspects which provide to the tourist as accommodation, food shop and market. Further tertiary or additional elements are those which are relating to infrastructure development to connect the tourists sites and attractions. Currently, 21st century tourists behaviour is the most important factor which influencing the cultural heritage tourism market throughout the world (Pavlic, 2009) such as transportation, providing information to the tourist form offices and information kiosks at sites as well as parking facilities at sites (Timothy and Boyd, 2003).Cultural heritage marketThe Criteria for weftAccording to UNESCO site must be of prominent universal value and happen upon at least one out of ten selection criteria. These criteria are explained in the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of t he World Heritage Convention which has explained below the shape table. The criteria are regularly revised by the Committee to reflect the evolution of the Wold Heritage concept itself.Until the end of 2004, World Heritage sites were selected on the basis of sestet cultural and four natural criteria. With the adoption of the revised Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, only one set of ten criteria exists (UNESCO, 2011)Source UNESCOSelection criteriaTo represent a masterpiece of human creative geniusTo exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape designTo be a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or which has disappearedTo be an corking example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape wh ich illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human historyTo be an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land-use, or sea-use which is representative of a culture (or cultures), or human interaction with the environment especially when it has become indefensible under the impact of irreversible changeTo be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance. (The Committee considers that this criterion should preferably be used in conjunction with other criteria)To contain superlative natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importanceTo be outstanding examples representing major stages of earths history, including the record of life, significant on-going geological processes in the development of landforms, or significant geomorphic or physiographic featuresTo be outstanding examples representing significant on-going ecolog ical and biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, fresh water, coastal and marine ecosystems and communities of plants and animalsTo contain the most important and significant natural habitats for in-situ conservation of biological diversity, including those containing threatened species of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science or conservation.The protection, management, authenticity and integrity of properties are also important considerations.Since 1992 significant interactions between people and the natural environment have been recognized as cultural landscapes (UNESCO, 2011).Heritage visitor attractions classificationThe classification of heritage attractions considers the commonly accepted definition or agreed typology included the three different perspectives were outside commentator or observer of the heritage product the outside or inside protagonist of the tourism product, and the inside exponent of conservation (Leask a nd Yeoman, 1999) but in fact these typology were not supported to the manager to recognized the tools for an operations. hence Prentice (1993 in Leask and Yeoman 1999) considered the enormous variety of heritage visitor attractions is highlighted. The heterogeneity of present day heritage is mirrored in the heterogeneity of heritage attractions, as site, themes and areas promoted heritage as a product and utilization by tourist or visitor from home though it has broad sense as site, theme and area but he considers that attractions may not itself be attractive, and cites as example of field of sport and genocide monuments so this could be used for an analysis of supply and demand patterns, the typology is of partial value in heritage visitor attraction management on the ground. Further Swarbrook (1995 in Leask and Yeoman) explained the difference between destination and attraction thatAttractions are generally genius units, individual sites or very small, easily delimited geographi cal areas based on a single key feature. Destinations are larger areas that include a number of individual attractions together with the support services required by tourist.Cultural heritage visitors attraction managementThe cultural heritage tourism requires a careful understanding. Because of the quality issues which lie in the cultural heritage tourism. Managers should maintain a balance between a demand and supply. Typology of tourist has significant value in the management because every tourist is unique in nature. As mentioned above quality management has vital role to create an experience lasting value. Visitors perceptions about the quality is solely depend diverse range of factors, from site interest and the quality of services provided to the visitor experience (Vitterso et al., 2000) as what happens in his/ her entire visits rather than gaining a knowledge about the culture, getting facilities and services which normally available. Therefore Rouse (1998 in Leask and Yeom en, 1999) emphasis on the treatments by the service providers has a signific